Essay about Capital Punishment An Ongoing Arguement

Since the year 1608, over 15,269 people have been executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies (Smykla, and Espy). With the multitude of persons executed, there is still little evidence proving the effectiveness of capital punishment when concerning future violent crime rates. The death penalty is also costly when compared to the cost of imprisoning a violent criminal for life. With such a definitive punishment and with its finality, there have also been a large number of persons executed who were in fact shown to be innocent at a later time. Although there is a lengthy history of the death penalty in the United States, there is an immense disparity in regards to those who support capital punishment and those who wish to†¦show more content†¦There also are beliefs that Capital Punishment leads to more crime as criminals may murder witnesses to avoid being arrested and facing the death penalty, as well as executions by States devalue human life. Studies have also been completed using states with and without capital punishment as well as a comparison of crime rates during the four years between 1972 and 1976 when the Supreme Court ruled capital punishment was unconstitutional which have presented little evidence regarding capital punishment decreasing crime rates. While there is little evidence supporting the deterrence of the effects of capital punishment on crime rates, the death penalty costs a great deal amount of money when compared to a life prison sentence. In an article written in the Miami Herald by V. Drehle, regarding the cost of capital punishment when compared to life imprisonment in Florida, the true cost of each execution amounts to approximately $3.2 million or about six times the cost of what it would cost to keep a prisoner in prison for all of his or her natural life (Drehle 12A, col. 1). With such a high cost, and the overcrowding of prisons in the present, it seems hardly rationale for the exorbitant amount of spending on those criminals who have inflicted the greatest amount of grief in society. Prisons are overcrowded and budgets across the country are in distress, it is not logical or fiscally responsible to spend such a large

Youdao - An excellent free online Chinese dictionary

As a learner of Mandarin Chinese, its sometimes frustrating that there seem to be no good dictionaries around. When compared with other major languages (especially English), dictionaries in Chinese are often very hard to read and often lack information we expect to be there, such as indications of how a word is used and example sentences. One excellent exception: Youdao.com. æÅ"‰é â€œ (Youdao.com) To use this dictionary, go to the main page and click the drop-down menu in the leftmost part of the search field where it says ç ½â€˜Ã© ¡ µ (wÇŽngyà ¨) websites and select è ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (cà ­diÇŽn) dictionary instead. You can also go directly to the dictionary via dict.youdao.com. Once there, just search for words in English or Chinese. If you input only Pinyin, it will still try to guess the word in Chinese.. Once you have found the word youre looking for, you have three options (tabs) to choose from: ç ½â€˜Ã§ »Å"释ä ¹â€° (wÇŽnglà ¹ shà ¬yà ¬) internet explanation - Here you can choose between many suggested translations and see how they are defined elsewhere on the internet. The explanations are mostly in Chinese, so if you feel that this is too hard, just look for English words.ä ¸â€œÃ¤ ¸Å¡Ã©â€¡Å Ã¤ ¹â€° (zhuÄ nyà ¨ shà ¬yà ¬) professional explanation - This doesnt mean that the definitions are professional, but that they refer to specialized language for a certain area of study or expertise. For instance, you can show answers related to engineering, medicine, psychology, linguistics and so on. Great for translation work!æ ±â€°Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (hà  nyÇ” cà ­diÇŽn) Chinese dictionary - Sometimes, English explanations just arent enough and you need to go to a Chinese-Chinese dictionary. As explained earlier, this can be very daunting for students and you might be better of asking someone for help. The fact that this option is here makes the dictionary much more useful for advanced students, though. Below the explanations, you will find definitions of the word, often from 21ä ¸â€"ç º ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨ ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (21shà ¬jà ¬ dà   yÄ «nghà  n cà ­diÇŽn) The 21st Century Unabridged English-Chinese Dictionary. There are also translations of phrases in which the keyword appears, another feature that many dictionaries lack. Next, you can either display è ¯ Ã§ »â€žÃ§Å¸ ­Ã¨ ¯ ­ (cà ­zÇ” duà  nyÇ”) compounds and phrases or Ã¥ Å'è ¿â€˜Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¨ ¯  (tà ³ngjà ¬nyà ¬cà ­) synonyms and near-synonyms. Bilingual Example Sentences Last but certainly not least, there is a section called Ã¥ Å'è ¯ ­Ã¤ ¾â€¹Ã¥  ¥ (shuÄ ngyÇ” là ¬jà ¹) bilingual example sentences. As the name implies, you can find numerous sentences in both Chinese and English, which is by far the best way to quickly figure out how a word is used in Chinese (going on basic definitions often wont work). Note that it only displays the first three sentences by default, click æ› ´Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ Å'è ¯ ­Ã¤ ¾â€¹Ã¥  ¥ (gà ¨ngduÃ…  shuÄ ngyÇ” là ¬jà ¹) more bilingual example sentences to see the rest.

Feminist Spirituality and Goddess Religion Essay - 1907 Words

Feminist Spirituality and Goddess Religion Thousands of years ago, the Goddess was viewed as an autonomous entity worthy of respect from men and women alike. Because of societal changes caused by Eastern influence, a patriarchial system conquered all aspects of life including religion. â€Å"Furthermore, most feminists interested in goddesses are women who strongly reject western patriarchal theology†(Culpepper 51). Thus, there was this very strong feminist idea of women being the prime in the early part of the 17th and the 18th century. Today, the loss of a strong female presence in Judeo-Christian beliefs has prompted believers to look to other sources that celebrate the role of women. Men and women have increasingly embraced goddess†¦show more content†¦Some of these so called religions would be Christianity including the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants, European Religions and also Judaism who thought of as god being male i.e. Jesus. Goddess worship was gradually combined with worship of male Gods to produce a variety of Pagan religions, thus losing some of its singular focus on the female as a deity. Goddess Worship during the Christian era was molded by more dominant outside forces. As Judaism, Christianity eventually Islam evolved, the Pagan religions were suppressed and the female principle was gradually driven out of religion. Consequently women were reduced to a level inferior to men. The God, King, Priest Father replaced the Goddess, Queen, Priestess Mother (Miles 24). A womans testimony was not considered significant in courts, women were not allowed to speak in churches, and positions of authority in the church were (almost without exception) limited to men. A feminine presence was added to Christianity when the Virgin Mary was named Theotokos (Mother of God). However, her role was heavily restricted and included none of the fertility components present in Pagan religions. A low point in the life of women was reached during the Renaissance, when hundreds of thousands of suspected female witches were exterminated being burned and hanged. At the turn of the century, scholars began writing about a â€Å"Mother Goddess†. By the 1950s, Gerald GardnerShow MoreRelatedFeminist Spirituality and Goddess Religion in the United States1999 Words   |  8 PagesThousands of years ago, the Goddess was viewed as an autonomous entity worthy of respect from men and women alike. Because of societal changes caused by Eastern influence, a patriarchical system conquered all aspects of life including religion. Today, the loss of a strong female presence in Judeo-Christian beliefs has prompted believers to look to other sources that celebrate the role of women. Goddess religion and feminist spirituality have increasingly been embraced by men and women as an alternativeRead MoreFeminsim And Wicc A Spiritual Correlation1364 Words   |  6 Pages FEMINSIM AND WICCA: A SPIRITUAL CORRELATION Marisa Leonardi Religion, Magic and Witchcraft Professors Palshikar and Mehta May 13, 2016 Introduction Today there are a bounty of religions to choose from, from Christianity to Hinduism, and while some religions have their roots deep into the people’s history, there are some religions that are relatively ‘new’. Wicca, in the United States, is a relatively new religion that has gained popularity in the 1960s/1970s when Raymond and RosemaryRead MoreWicca and Ecofeminism3245 Words   |  13 Pagesover female and culture over nature have been associated with more male-dominating religions like Christianity (Roach, 2003; Ruether, 2003) Goddess religions and earth based spiritualties on the other hand find power in the female image, connect with nature through rituals, and believe it is the destiny of humanity to participate in the cycles of birth, death, and renewal that characterizes life on earth. The Goddess and Mother Nature inspire individuals to repair the split between men and women, betweenRead MoreWicca a Religion Based on Earth and Gods Essay1482 Words    |  6 PagesWicca is earth based religion with gods and goddess. There is no central of leadership due to each person path is different from each other. The view of the person who has a diverse backgrounds, views of the world around them as well as personal connection with the goddess/god. There are people who practice alone which are called solitaries. There are people who practice in a coven just like a church. In a coven, there are degrees to be earn to become a High Priest or High Priestess. You areRead MoreEssay on Rita M. Gross Feminism and Religion4159 Words   |  17 PagesIn her book Feminism and Religion, Rita M. Gross provides readers with an introduction to the need for, and benefits of, androgynous scholarship in the field of religious studies. Gross strives to make readers aware of the dangers of androcentric, Eurocentric scholarship. Moreover, she advances the claim that, â€Å"properly pursued, the field of religious studies involves study of all major rel igions found in human history† and an equal representation of both men’s and women’s religious experiencesRead MoreEssay about Ecofeminism4924 Words   |  20 Pagespart of this essay will outline the main arguments of the feminist ecologists and deal with the concept of Ecofeminism. The second part will sketch the main arguments of Rosemary Radford Reuther book, Gaia and God. The final part of this essay will analyze: Starhawks The Spiral Dance, Witchcraft as Goddess Religion, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and the Descent of Inanna and examine the pros and cons of the position that a return to goddess worship would save our planet. Part One Ecofeminisms Read MoreThe Analysis Of Mythology Of The Environment And The Unconscious Mind978 Words   |  4 Pagesa cultures beliefs and values (Rosenberg, 1999). Despite the various roots in which a myth may originate and or the level of cultural recognition, it is evident myths exist in all societies. Myths allow humanity to embody culture, tradition and spirituality. Myths fulfill the human desire to express an established identity or sense of oneself. This perspective aligns with Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of internalization of the environment and the â€Å"unconscious mind†. It is my perspective that culturesRead MoreEvaluate Postmodernist Explanations of the Role and Functions of Religion in Contemporary Society.1606 Words   |  7 Pagesrole and functions of religion in contemporary society. Postmodernist religion can be defined as any type of religion that is influenced, interpreted or shaped by postmodernism and postmodern philosophies. Postmodern religion is not an attempt to banish religion from society; rather, it is a philosophical approach to religion that considers orthodox assumptions that may reflect power differences in society rather than universal truths. A postmodern interpretation of religion emphasises the key pointRead MoreI Thought Of The Vagina2558 Words   |  11 Pagesfeminists adhered to in order to achieve the heightened sense of worth Finley was referring to. Edelson has become a large influence upon my work as I have also previously role-played the ancient goddesses and warrior women as you can see in Boudicca 2 (Figure 6), in order to question why we have lost the respect as modern women that the goddesses and strong women from folk tales of old wielded long ago. Carolee Schneemann also focuses on using her body as a spiritually empowering tool, but inRead MoreSRS11105471 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: The Cross-Cultural Approach Myth: is a story or example believed as true from a religion or culture group (usually an origin story) (The Prophet Mohamad PBUH is true for all Muslims) -myth comes from the greek word â€Å"muthos† which means word: -â€Å"muthos† are not literal words (they are metaphors) -â€Å"logos† are literal words The difference between Myth, Legends, Fairytales   Myth: origin stories Legends: stories that may or may not be believed Fairytales: stories that starts

Military Substance Abuse Prevention Programs - 2987 Words

Runninghead: CLINICAL ANALYSIS Assignment #4: Military Substance Abuse Prevention Programs Gemma K. Vizcocho University of Southern California Professor Fred P. Stone, PhD, LCSW April 24, 2017 Substance abuse in the military has been a problem throughout history. The unique culture and stress experienced by military service members put them more at risk for substance abuse. Drug and alcohol use has been an easy escape and a coping mechanism for those service members who struggle to forget their traumatic war experiences and daily stressors (Jacobson et al., 2008). According to the 2008 Department of Defense (DOD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors, 12 percent to 15 percent of the†¦show more content†¦The rise in prescription drugs abuse is linked with the increased number of medications prescribed to treat chronic pain associated with military service connected injuries. The DOD Survey of Health related Behaviors Among Active Duty military personnel estimated prevalence rate of service members actively using illicit drugs at 12 percent, prescription drug misuse at 11 percent, heavy alcohol use at 20%, and tobacco, including smokeless, at 31 percent (Bray et al ., 2010). Numerous studies have addressed the attitudes and beliefs contributing to stigmatization of mental health issues within military populations (Dickstein, Vogt, Handa, Litza, 2010). The development of these stigmas is deeply associated in the traditions and culture that exists in the military. Ame and Cunradi (2005) stated that workplace culture in the military could be a risk factor for heavy alcohol use or binge drinking. Additionally, alcohol access is readily available at reduced prices on most military installations. Multiple studies have also cited mental health stigma as one of the most prevalent that exist in a military culture. Seeking treatment for substance abuse among service member is a form of weakness. Rae Olmsted and colleagues compared perceptions of stigma among soldiers in treatment and those who are not. The findings suggest that those in treatment have lower perceptions of stigma associated with their care than those service membersShow MoreRelatedEssay On Conpartum Profile1227 Words   |  5 PagesArmy ´s workforce and emphasize alcohol and other drug abuse deterrence, prevention, education, and rehabilitation. 3. Implement alcohol and other drug risk reduction and prevention strategies that respond to potential problems before they jeopardize readiness, productivity, and careers. 4. Restore to duty those substance-impaired Soldiers who have the potential for continued military Service. 5. Provide effective alcohol and other drug abuse prevention and education at all levels of command, and encourageRead MoreHca/250 Final Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance abuse is a very widely known public epidemic in todays society. Many people are unfortunately plagued by this issue. According to Emedicinehealth.com (2012), â€Å"People abuse substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost,† (para. 1). People that are affected by substance abuse includes a very different range of people. Many that abuse the substances end up having health-related problems whichRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated that by 1975, there were about 550,000 users of addictive drugs in the U.S† (Lee, 1998). Since then, hundreds of programs have sprung up all over the country to combat the growing problem. Programs such as D.A.R.E. and NORML forming and claiming to be effective in helping people resist peer pressure and possibly even overcome addiction. There are hundreds of drug resistance programs around the country today, but they have still yet to prove that they are a truly effective way to overcoming drugRead MoreEpidemiology of Homeless1613 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable populations in Jacksonville, North Carolina, are the homeless and indigent veterans with mental illness. Jacksonville, North Carolina, is a military town with three military bases in the county and one 40 miles to the north of it. The populations that live in the town are active duty military and their families, transplants to the area via military affiliation, and retirees. Homeless is a term used for a person who does not have a home or permanent place to live but does not necessarily meanRead MoreResearch Intervention And Prevention Programs867 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily visitation center. I ensured that children could interact with their parent in a way that was safe, appropriate, and healthy for the child’s physical and emotional health. Each of the families I monitored had histories of violence, neglect, substance abuse, criminal history, or parental mental illness. I witnessed the resiliency and risk factors that affected the children these children, who ranged in age from infancy to adolescence. However, I was impacted by the fact that many of these childrenRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Social Worker1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Substance Abuse Social Worker Social workers have long worked with people who abuse substances, beginning in the 1800’s with sobriety houses and inebriate asylums, to settlement houses in the profession’s beginnings to developing self-help, consumer-driven programs, designing inpatient detoxification programs, and to applying youth-oriented prevention and education programs. As an addictions counselor, the social worker is a part of a specialized profession that began with the wounded healerRead MoreCurrent Services And Programs For Suicide Prevention Program1163 Words   |  5 Pagesand Programs As a social worker, I know that my clients are coming to me in a time in their lives where they need help, and some these clients are affected by suicide. Therefore, I must be aware of the current programs and service being utilized in the field of practice to prevent suicide. In this section, I will be identifying current services and programs aimed at preventing suicide among military service members and veterans. Additionally, I will address the effectiveness of these programs andRead MoreThe Career Path Using My Christian Worldview1262 Words   |  6 Pagesserving in the military. It has almost become a check in the box just to get your foot in the door. Once you get the job they train you on what that specific company needs or wants. I am here to tell you that you can utilize your degree in your job, not just to get the job. This paper will take what I have learned and directly correlate it to my career path using my Christian worldview. Do I need a degree to work in military and be successful? The answer to this question is no. The military encouragesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Veterans : The Military And Alcohol Essay2250 Words   |  9 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Veterans: The Military and Alcohol Introduction The U.S. military produces some of the bravest most heroic men and women on earth. From the moment the oath of enlistment is made to the time of separation or retirement, these courageous souls endure a number of amazing, historic and sometimes unbelievable events. They are praise for their service and lift even higher for their sacrifice, although most are unaware of the true sacrifices are made by some of these men and womenRead MoreThe Real Insurgency: Suicide Rates in the Military Ranks Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesexplanations for suicide will never be known, depression or other diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorders top the list of more than 90 percent of why lives are torn from us. Over the last couple years around the military there has been much debate on whether this rate has been drastically affected by the increased military footprint from fighting two wars. Prior to the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the military suicide rate was well below the civi lian rate. The sharpest increase started within

Education in France Essay Example

Essays on Education in France Essay The paper "Education in France" is a delightful example of an essay on education. France is the second-largest country in Europe. It is also among the countries that enjoyed immense power and d influence in the past. In fact, one may argue that France had immense and continues to change the world. That is, in terms of culture and education more specifically. France is the fourth most populous nation. Over half of her population resides in cities. As a result, France has a very high percentage literacy rate of up to 99%. Consequently, like other technologically developed countries, France’s rate of population growth has been slow especially after the second world (Gutek, 1993). The rate of farming activities has reduced even though agriculture is an important sector of the French economy. Moreover, the fact that about 33% of the land in France is arable under the country’s temperate climate. The land availability has led to a more urbanized France. Urbanization accompanies an increase in technological advancement. The advancement influences positively on French education by mounting technological secondary schools as well as the vocational schools.The irony is that French society is both customary and contemporary it is laissez-faire and at the same time conformist. In addition, it is religious and at the same time secular. Regardless of these paradoxes, the French distinguish their country as a culturally unsurpassed leading light of the world culture. The impression that the French had a mission to civilize the world has had a profound influence on French education. The phenomenon is evident through France’s activities in the eighteenth cent ury. During this period, the French language rose to the eminence of ousting Latin as the international diplomatic language (Gutek, 1993).The French were of the view that culture and common language gave them French identity. Educationalists emphasized the responsibility of schools in broadcasting and upholding language decorum, cultural tradition, and preservation of the French identity. The French system of education has seen to it that France thrives in its multicultural, multiethnic and multiracial character. France as a nation assumes the responsibility for service delivery in the education system since the creation of the modern revolution. Policymakers within the state recognize the need to modernize education and make it influence the economy positively.

Untriggered Reflexive pronouns in English - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Untriggered Reflexive pronouns in English. Answer: Introduction: Baker (2012) in his book has focused into the usage of personal pronoun in everyday conversation. He has stated that the usage of personal pronoun is very easy to learn as we use it on a daily basis while we converse. The article stated that there are three types of personal pronoun that one use daily such as first person personal pronoun, second person personal pronoun and third person personal pronoun. The first person pronoun shows the usage of me and we in the daily conversation. Whereas, second person use you, your and other and third person are words like theirs, he, him, her and others. The information is presented in the book in a very systematic manner with tables and example to make the readers easily understand the motive of the subject written. The article teaches the general idea of personal pronoun, which will help the user to differentiate between different sentences. It is the most general type of noun that completes all types of sentences. It teaches the reader the d ifference between a noun and a pronoun and tells that a pronoun is used in place of a noun. The book also gives examples from other types of noun to show the differences between them and personal pronoun. Parker et al. (1990) in their book has shown the relationship between the reflexive pronoun and personal pronoun. It shows the way first, second and third person pronoun is used with the reflexive pronoun. The article has explained the usage of reflexive pronouns with the help of an example such as you can do your work yourself. In this sentence, you and your are first person pronoun and yourself is the reflexive of the first person. This shows that one person can easily form a sentence by using both personal pronoun and reflexive pronoun. However, the article has also shown that there are certain exceptions to the usage of reflexive pronoun with the personal pronoun. There are sentences that use reflexive pronouns even without any co referential with any personal pronoun. This too has been with the help of an example such as several of the employees and myself met the chairman of the company. Thus, it is seen in the above sentence that reflexive pronouns are used without the applica tion of any personal pronoun in the sentence. The book has explained both the theories of personal and reflexive pronouns in a very systematic manner with example to make the reader differentiate between them easily. The idea given is very useful for the reader as it helps them to differentiate easily between the two concepts. Wales (1996) in his book has explained the definition of personal pronoun and has also shown that the definition has changed since the 16th century. The book has mainly focused on personal pronoun explaining the usage of third person personal pronoun. The third person personal pronoun has also been considered as a prototypical pronoun compared to the first person and second person personal pronoun. It has explained the traditional definition and differences between various usages of pronouns that affects the personal pronoun. It is stated that pronouns followed by any NPs are viewed as a restrictive apposition. This is further divided into three forms such as definite determiner, name and definite determiner and NP plus name. All the three forms have different meaning and usage. In the English dialects and any other informal usage of English all the three person of personal pronoun is used as an equivalent demonstrative. The presentation of the book is good, as it has explained diffe rent sections of pronoun in both the traditional form and modern world English it is helpful for the readers as they will know the difference between traditional and modern usage of English and will be able to construct the sentences properly. Thomson Martinet (1986) in their book has explained about the usage of personal pronoun that can easily be used in place of a noun. It has explained about the most suitable way of using personal pronoun with the other type of pronoun as well as noun. According to the book, there are various types of pronoun that can be used in a sentence at one time. However, the function of each type of pronouns decides the way it can be put in a sentence at one time. Further, it has discussed that there are mainly three cases of personal pronoun such as nominative, possessive and objective. Normative divide personal pronoun into three people such as first, second and third. Whereas, objective is used in which the personal pronoun is a part of an object and lastly possessive is used when the personal pronoun is showing possession. The book is presented in a form that can be easily understood by anyone. There are table and examples given for each type of personal pronoun that shows the usage one can use to define a sentence. There are various complex sentences and a structured explanation like this is very beneficial. Bibliography Baker, P. S. (2012).Introduction to Old English. John Wiley Sons. Parker, F., Riley, K., Meyer, C. F. (1990). Untriggered reflexive pronouns in English.American Speech,65(1), 50-69. Thomson, A. J., Martinet, A. V. (1986).A practical English grammar. Oxford. Wales, K. (1996).Personal pronouns in present-day English. Cambridge University Press.

Evolution Lab free essay sample

The finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands feed on seeds produced by plants growing on these islands. There are three categories of seeds: soft seeds, produced by plants that do well under wet conditions; seeds that are intermediate in hardness, produced by plants that do best under moderate precipitation; and hard seeds, produced by plants that dominate in drought conditions. The lab is based on a model for the evolution of quantitative traits-characteristics of an individual that are controlled by large numbers of genes. These traits are studied by looking at the statistical distribution of the trait in populations and investigating how the distribution changes from one generation to the next. For the finches in Evolution Lab, the depth of the beak is the quantitative trait. I investigated how this trait changes under different biological and environmental conditions. I manipulated various biological parameters (initial mean beak size, heritability of beak size, variation in beak size, fitness, and clutch size) and one environmental parameter (precipitation) of the system, and observed changes in the distributions of beak size and population numbers over time. Assignment 2: The Influence of Precipitation on Beak Size and Population Number The first experiment is designed to study the influence of beak size on finch population numbers. For finches, deep beaks are strong beaks, ideally suited for cracking hard seeds, and shallow beaks are better suited for cracking soft seeds. I experimented first with the finches’ adaptation and evolution of their population over 300 years, and changed the Wallace birds beak size to 28mm, and Darwin’s birds stayed at the default of 12mm. I hypothesize a since there are more hard seeds (64%) on the islands than soft seeds (4%). The birds with the smaller beak (Darwin) will not be able to get enough food which may cause some of the birds to die, resulting in a decrease in the smaller beak bird’s population and an increase in the larger beak (Wallace) birds population because of the larger beak size better able to eat hard seeds. Darwin: Red Wallace: Blue I observed that the Darwin birds (smaller beak) actually grew up to about 25mm, as well as the Darwin bird’s population grew over time. The Wallace bird’s beak stayed the same as well as the population stayed steady but grew. The data actually refutes my hypothesis because I didn’t expect the smaller beak sized birds to grow to adapt to the seeds, I expected them to die off. This next experiment is designed to explore the effect of precipitation on finch beak size and population numbers. The experiment was to see how a decrease in precipitation on Darwin Island might affect beak size and how a decrease in precipitation might influence population numbers for these finches over time. I hypothesize a decrease in rain will produce more hard seeds because the hard seeds favor drought conditions, while the other seeds will not increase. And the decrease in rain may only slightly cause the finch population to decrease at first, but then will increase and stay steady as the birds have time to adapt to the drought conditions and their beaks will evolve. I observed that the beak sized for Darwin’s birds supported my hypothesis in that the birds beak sized increased with time. And the population did what I thought too, in that it decreased at first and then increased steadily. I then ran another experiment for 200 and 300 years separately. I observed that the 200 years population and beaks did about the same as the 100 year experiment. Which still confirm my hypothesis. But the 300 years, the bird’s populations and beaks sizes on both islands increased, but that the Darwin birds eventually passed Wallace’s birds in population and beak sized. I then performed the same experiment for both Wallace Island and Darwin Island simultaneously. I noticed that the 100 and 200 years beak size and population both increased and, but Darwin’s birds were still behind Wallace island birds. But then at the 300 year both beaks and populations were almost the same increase. My hypothesis on how an increase in precipitation on Darwin will influence beak size is that the beak sizes should become smaller and more shallow because the increase in rain will make softer seeds and smaller, shallow beaks are better for soft seeds. And the bird’s population will increase.. I observed just what I hypothesized – the beaks grew smaller and their populations grew huge. When I reran the experiment I observed that Wallace island birds also followed the similar growth for beaks and population as the Darwin birds. When I ran the experiment by increasing precipitation on Wallace Island to 50 cm/year and increasing beak size to 28 mm, for 300 years, I observed the beak sized actually decreased slightly and the population stayed steady and in line with the Darwin birds. Next experiment I decreased beak size on both of the islands to an intermediate value. I decreased rainfall on one island to a value close to zero. On the other island, I increase rainfall close to the maximum value and ran the experiment for 300 years. I observed different effects on each island. On the Darwin island with a medium beak size and almost no rain had increase in beak size and population. The Wallace birds with a medium beak size and lots of rain had a decrease in beak size and a steady increase in population. Assignment 4: Effect of Island Size My hypothesis for what effect an increase in island size will have on beak size and finch populations is that the beak size will have an increase and population will increase. I began my experiment by leaving all other parameters at their default values. Then changed the island size of Darwin to the highest it could go to 1km. The beak sized increased as predicted and so did the population increased. When I decreased island size, the beak size grew and the population dropped off first in the beginning but then increased with time. Based on previous experiments if I decrease the clutch size the birds populations will decrease a great deal. Also if I decrease the heritability parameter, and decrease clutch size the populations decrease – which looked like to the point of extinction.